Friday 8/3/12: Retouching

"There are 3 key things for good photography: the camera, lighting and... Photoshop." - Tyra Banks

"Retouching had become controversial ever since Franz Hanfstaengl of Munich showed at the 1855 Exposition Universelle in Paris a retouched negative with a print made from it before and after retouching. It was, Nadar recollected, the beginning of a new era in photography." - Beaumont Newhall, History of Photography by Newhall, Beaumont Newhall

"Photoshop is useful in many ways but must NEVER be used for the altering of photographs. My assistants and my agency do whatever Photoshop work for me that may be required as it is too complicated for my brain. - Elliott Erwitt - On the question; Do you use Photoshop in your workflow? "

© Saddington Baynes / Retouching: Peter Aylward

© Chris Crisman

© Maggie Taylor

© Maggie Taylor

© Maggie Taylor

© Maggie Taylor

Retouching Tools

• Burn and Dodge = To selectively lighten and darken areas of an image
• Clone Stamp = Copies pixels from a target source area (via option-clicking) and pastes them in a new location
• Healing Brush = Same as Clone Stamp, but it also blends with the existing pixels
• Spot Healing Brush = Same as Healing Brush, but you do not have to target a source area which makes it great for spots.
• Patch Tool = Combines the Healing Brush with the characteristics of the Lasso Tool so that you are not constrained by a circular brush area.  *Must be performed directly on an image layer - can not use the trick of retouching onto a new blank layer.
• *Use Edit>Fade command to reduce the opacity of your last retouching tool stroke!  Or simply use the Eraser tool at any opacity (set in Options Bar) to reduce the retouching... as long as you placed your retouching strokes on a new blank layer!

Retouching Tools - See "Layer Modes" Handout describing layer and tool blending modes

New Retouching Layer

Portrait Retouching Checklist

Type Tool Options

Project #5: Class Portrait / Layer Masks

Layer Masks Portrait Project

The goal of this project is to create a wacky portrait utilizing a fun mixture of facial features with your portrait as a base image and adding elements from your classmate portraits.  To complete this project, an understanding of layer masks and image transformation (scale, size, rotation, etc.) is required and will be learned.

Begin by opening your image from the appropriate folder found in your class folder on the transport ffs system.  Once opened, use Adobe Bridge to browse through the images of your other classmates.  Choose at least 3 other images to combine with your own.  Maybe you like one person's eye, or another person's nose, etc. 

1. Once you have the images open, move the image windows next to each other (click, drag, and release the tab at the top of the image window to separate it into a new window) and use the move tool to copy the new layer of your classmate's face to the document window with your image.  Select the move tool and simply click in one of your classmate's image windows, or on the layer icon in the layers palette.  Hold down the mouse and drag the image into your image window and release the mouse to automatically create a new image layer above your background image.  
2. Then lower that new layer's opacity to 50% or so in the layers palette.  This will allow you to see through that new layer which makes it easier to line up the faces.
3. Go to the Edit > Free Transform command and use the options bar to resize, move, and rotate the image until the features pretty well line up.  Use the trick of repositioning the center pivot point (option click where you want it) to not only rotate around, but to scale up and down from that point that you lock in.  Commit the transformation by pressing the return/enter key, or by clicking the check mark in the options bar.
4. In the layers palette, put the opacity of the top layer back to 100%
5. Go to Layer > Add Layer Mask > Hide All to add a layer mask which hides the entire layer by filling the new mask with black.  
6. Then be sure the layer mask thumbnail is chosen for that layer in the layers palette (not the image thumbnail!), and paint in the document window with "white" for the facial elements that you want to "reveal" from that hidden layer.  Also remember that you can select to paint with a soft edged brush set to a lower opacity in the options bar in order for smoother transitions between the facial elements on the two separate layers.  You should also get in the habit of locking the image pixels in the Layers Palette so as not to accidentally paint on the image when you meant to paint on the layer mask (Brush icon in the lock choices atop the palette).
7. Finally, add Clipping Masks if you need to adjust color and tone (to match skin possibly) for individual layers without effecting the rest of the layers.

Continue adding elements until you are complete and have a smooth, albeit goofy looking!, portrait image.  

Thursday 8/2/12: Layer Masks

“My passport photo is one of the most remarkable photographs I have ever seen - no retouching, no shadows, no flattery - just stark me” - unknown

"If you want reality take the bus." - David LaChapelle 

"People say photographs don't lie, mine do." - David LaChapelle

© Erwin Olaf

© Eugenio Recuenco

© Amoeba Digital Imaging ?

© Mark Holthusen

© Randal Ford

Layer Masks

White = Reveals elements of the layer

Black = Masks elements of the layer

Layer Masks - Tips and Tricks:

·       Make a Selection and create a new Adjustment Layer = automatic Layer Mask

·       Paint with White or Black or even Gray on a Layer Mask.  When a layer mask is selected in the Layers Palette, painting in the image window with White Reveals the pixels of the layer the layer mask is linked to, while painting with any opacity of Gray partly shows the layer, and painting with Black Masks the pixels of that layer.  Pixels are never erased, they are just temporarily masked.  You can always reveal them again by painting with white!  Nondestructive and infinitely editable!!!

·       Click the Link Icon between the image layer thumbnail and the Layer Mask thumbnail to move the pixels or layer mask independently from one another

·       Select > Refine Mask - with a Layer Mask selected in the Layers Palette, you can refine the edges of a layer mask (not just a selection!)

·       Command H to Hide your marching ant selection edges temporarily while using Standard Mode in the Refine Mask dialogue box

·       Command-Click any image layer or layer mask to automatically select the pixels on that layer, or the white area of a layer mask.  (Shift+Command-Click to add, or Option+Command-Click multiple image layers or layer masks to add or subtract from a selection.

Replacing Color and Converting to B&W

Project #4: Venice / Curves

Wednesday 8/1/12: RGB #s + Quick Masks + Selections

"I do not object to retouching, dodging. or accentuation as long as they do not interfere with the natural qualities of photographic technique." - Alfred Stieglitz

"Sitting over a hot computer ain't my idea of fun. My creativity goes almost completely into picture taking. (But) I suppose if I ever retired, I would enjoy learning the Photoshop craft far more than playing golf." - Herbert Keppler - On going digital. (Popular Photography & Imaging, January 2005)

© Andric

© Andric

© Andric

© Samantha Everton

© Samantha Everton

© Samantha Everton

Understanding the Digital RGB #s

To have an understanding of Photoshop, you must first learn how the program "sees" your image.  The most basic picture element of a digital photograph is a "pixel" and an image is made up of a lot of these.  Photoshop simply manipulates the color, tone, and position of these pixels in order to achieve the photographer's desired results.  But before you start retouching, I want you to understand how the colors and tones of each pixel are interpreted by Photoshop, and ultimately by you as a Photoshop user!

As in photography, it all starts with light and specifically the mixing of 3 primary colors together to achieve all the other colors we can possibly see. 

The Additive Process involves mixing Red, Green, and Blue light together in varying proportions to produce any color.  The RGB color method is used in today's digital camera sensors, television sets, and computer monitors, and was was used in early color film photography.  Adding red, green, and blue light together in equal amounts will produce white light.  Mixing just 2 of the additive primaries together will produce one of the subtractive primaries (see below).

 

RGB = Additive Primaries (CMY = Subtractive Primaries used in printing along with black or K)

Equal amounts of RGB light mixed together = White light

Most of the color images you will be working on in PS are 8bits/channel.  Your images have 3 total channels -- Red, Green, and Blue, which can be viewed independently in the channels palette and in the info palette. And 8 bits when multiplied by the 3 channels gives you a total of 24bits of information per pixel, or 16.7 million colors.  This is known as the bit depth, or color depth, of your image and describes how many colors each individual pixel can have!

Back to 8bits/channel though, which is to say 256 tones/channel.  This gives you a tonal scale of 0 to 255 for each channel (Red, Green, and Blue).  When all channels are set to 0, and turned off, you have a black pixel.  All channels turned on to 255, results in a white pixel.  And as long as the RGB numbers are equal, you are looking at a neutral gray pixel (darker if the numbers are closer to 0 and lighter if they are closer to 255!).  

The RGB numbers for each pixel in your image can be viewed in the Info Palette, and the information can be used in Levels or Curves to properly balance the color and tone in your image.  In fact, having an understanding of these numbers is one of the most useful things I can teach you in this class.  With this knowledge, you can almost guarantee yourself proper printing results and accurate color with most of your images.

Please take a look at the below handout for more information on RGB numbers:

Editing Selections:

Standard Mode = Once a Selection Tool is used (such as Magic Wand or the Marquee Tool), "marching ants" display your selected area in the image window.  

Add to a selection = Shift key (or choose the "add to selection" button in the Options Bar)

Subtract from a selection = Option key (or choose the "subtract from selection" button in the Options Bar)

Quick Mask Mode = (icon just below Foreground/Background colors in the Tools Palette)  Visual color overlay of your selection - useful to view how soft or hard your selection edges are.  (Switch to Quick Mask Mode by clicking the button at the bottom of the Tools Palette)

Add to a selection = with Brush Tool, paint with White in image window

Subtract from a selection = choose Brush Tool with Black as foreground color

Select > Refine Edges – to refine Selection Edges, or to refine the edges of a Layer Mask!

·       Radius = Increasing will improve the edges in areas of soft transitions (similar to Feather)

·       Contrast = Will make soft edges crisper and remove artifacts along the edges of a selection

·       Smooth = Will smooth out jagged selection edges (Use radius to help restore some of the detail)

·       Feather = Will uniformly soften the edge of the selection and help produce a soft edged mask

·       Contract/Expand = Shrinks or Expands a selection size

Select > Save Selection to save a selection as an Alpha Channel

Select > Load Selection to load an Alpha Channel (simply reselects a saved selection)

Select > Color Range to select similar colors within the entire image

How to properly adjust for color and tone with a Curve Adjustment Layer

NYU Photoshop Pricing

NYU Bookstore - Software Purchasing Link

Project #3: Veggies / Selections

Class Project 3 - Vegetables: Selections

1. Open the “P3_Vegetables.jpg” file in Adobe Photoshop.
2. Select the Magic Wand tool (hidden under the Quick Selection tool).
3. In the options bar, set the tolerance for the tool to 100 pixels.
4. Using the Magic Wand tool, click the red part of the tomato.  Most of it will be selected.
5. To select the remaining part of the tomato, hold the Shift key down on the keyboard so that a plus (+) sign appears with the tool cursor.  Then click the unselected areas of the tomato (including the green stem) and the pixels will be added to your selection. 
6. Continue Shift clicking to add (or Option click to subtract) to the selection until the entire tomato is selected.  The Option and Shift keys are keyboard shortcuts that perform the same action as choosing the Magic Wand icon with the + or – in the options bar.
7. Also remember that if you make a mistake Command Z is the keyboard shortcut to Edit > Undo your last action.  Or, you can always step back multiple states using the History Palette and clicking on a previous History State.
8. Once entirely selected, choose the Move tool from the toolbox (or press the V key on the keyboard as a tool shortcut).
9. Drag the tomato to the lower left of the cutting board as in the sample file “P3_VegetableFinalSample.jpg”.
10. Deselect the tomato by choosing Select > Deselect or the keyboard shortcut of Command D.
11. Go to Select > Reselect to reselect the tomato again.
12. Choose the move tool again and try moving the tomato over a little.  Notice that a whole appears in your image that is the same color as your background color!  That is because the tomato is on the same layer as the green cutting board so the moving leaves a whole in the image!
13. Use your History Palette to choose the History State just after we made our final selection, but before we ever moved the tomato.
14. Now choose Edit > Copy and Edit > Paste (or use the keyboard shortcuts) to place the tomato on its own individual layer so we can continuously edit it without affecting our background image.
15. Rename your new layer “Tomato” by clicking on the text of the new layer in the Layers Palette.  Again, choose the Move tool with the new layer selected and move the tomato to the bottom left of the cutting board.
16. Select the Background image layer in the layers palette.
17. Choose the Rectangular Marquee tool with 0 Feathering in the Options Bar.
18. Drag a square around the lettuce.
19. Choose the Magic Wand tool, and with a tolerance of 32 Option click the white area inside the selection box.  This is a much easier method of selecting by knowing how the Magic Wand can save you time by utilizing easier color patches to make your selection!
20. Copy, Paste, Rename the layer and Move the lettuce to the upper left per the sample image.
21. Select the Background layer and select the Zoom tool in the toolbox.
22. With the Zoom tool, drag a square around the olives to zoom in and fill the image window with them.
23. Select the Elliptical Marquee tool and drag an oval selection just inside the olives oval.  Use the space bar while holding down the mouse button to drag your selection.  This is a shortcut that allows you to move your selection while drawing it out for a quicker selection with more accuracy.
24. Once selected, go to View > Fit on screen (or use the keyboard shortcut!) to zoom out.
25. Copy, Paste, Rename the layer, and Move it to its proper place (Try ⌘C and ⌘V shortcuts).
26. Select the Background layer and draw another zoom square around the pink logo.
27. Using the Elliptical Marquee tool make a circular selection just inside of the pink logo edge.  Utilize the keyboard shortcuts of Option to center drag the circle and Shift to constrain the ellipse to a perfect circle while dragging the selection.  (And use the space bar as well to move the selection while dragging it out).
28. Fit to Screen, Copy, Paste, Rename the layer, and Move it to its proper place. (Try ⌘J instead).
29. Go to Layer > Duplicate layer to copy a second logo onto its own layer.
30. Go to Edit > Transform > Scale.  Shift click the corner toggle points to constrain the proportions and make the copy a bit bigger than the original.
31. Choose the Move tool and hold the Shift key to constrain your movements in 45˚ increments.  Move the second logo copy down and to the right.
32. Copy the second logo layer and again choose Edit > Transform > Scale, but this time plug 125% in to the options bar to specify an enlargement.  Again move the layer down and to the right.
33. Command click on the layer titles of all three layers with the logo to select all three layers.  Go to Layer > Group Layers to group them into one layer folder in the layers palette for easier editing as a group.  Rename the Group layer to “Logos”.  (Also notice in the Layers menu that you can also Link all selected layers to easily move or transform them together.  Or you can choose Merge layers if you would like to flatten the selected layers into one layer for editing.)
34. Zoom into the carrot and choose the Freehand Lasso tool.
35. Try to freehand draw a selection around the edges of the carrot – not too easy to accurately stay on the edges, is it!?  Select the Polygonal Lasso Tool (hidden under the Lasso Tool) which lets you click to place points and create line segments for your selection. Click once on the edge of the carrot.  Then click a second time further down the edge of the carrot to extend a straight line selection.  Still not the best way to select the carrot thought since it doesn’t really have straight edges! Don’t forget you can add/subtract from your selection using the options bar or the keyboard shortcut keys of Shift and Option.
36. Choose the Magnetic Lasso tool, which is again hidden in the same location as the Lasso and Polygonal Lasso tools in the toolbox.
37. Click once on the edge of the carrot and release the mouse.  Continue by simply pushing the mouse and drawing around the edges of the pepper (do not click! just push the mouse).  The Magnetic Lasso automatically snaps the selection to the edges of contrast for you!  Click once on your starting spot, or double-click, to close the Magnetic Lasso line and turn it into a selection. 
38. If there is an area of the carrot that is not selected (like the small stem), you can always choose the Lasso tool and add/subtract from the selection using the Shift and Option keys.
39. Copy, Paste, Rename the layer, and Move it to its proper place (but notice you have to rotate it!).
40. Choose Edit > Transform.  This allows you to perform multiple transformations including scale and rotate among others.  Rotate the carrot by clicking and dragging outside of the bounding box much like the Crop tool. Move the rotated carrot into better position by clicking and dragging inside the bounding box.  Commit the transformation by clicking the checkmark in the Options Bar.
41. Zoom into just the pepper and choose the BG layer and the Magnetic Lasso tool. 
42. Choose the Quick selection tool (under the Magic Wand) with a brush size that fits into the pepper.  Stroke a small line within the yellow part of the pepper and voila…your pepper is selected automatically.  Paint another stroke within the green stem and it is added to the selection.  Very quick, huh!?
43. Copy, Paste, Rename the layer, and Move it to its proper place and you are done!
44. Select the Crop tool and crop down to just the board using options bar settings of 5”x5” @ 300dpi.
45. Go to File > Save As and save as a Photoshop Document file format to your flash drive and the proper folder on the server with a title of “P3_YourName.psd”.

Congrats - You’re done!  Hope you learned some fun selection tools along the way.

Keep in mind selection tools aren’t just for copying, pasting, and moving image layer parts, but you can also make a selection and then create a new Adjustment Layer to effect color and tone of just that selected image area.  This will automatically create a Layer Mask which masks out, or hides, the adjustments from the unselected areas.

Sample of P3 Final Image

Project #2: Tie / Brushes

Project 2 – Brushes / History Palette / Layers, Tie Photo

For this project, we are going to be painting dots on an orange tie.  We will be learning how to make selections using the magic wand tool, how to create new layers, how to utilize the brush tool, and how to work with the History palette.

1. Open the “2_Tie.jpg” image in Photoshop
2. Select the Magic Wand tool from the toolbox.  It is the fourth tool down, and remember, it may be hidden by another tool with similar characteristics.
3. Move the cursor into the image and click once over top of the orange tie.
4. Notice that only part of the orange tie is selected, and not the entire tie.  To include the other part in our selection, be sure to select the “Add to selection” box found in the options bar.  It is the second box from the left of the box of four in the left part of the options bar.  Click once on the remaining orange that has not been selected. 

(An alternative to choosing the “add to selection” tool in the options bar is to simply hold down the shift key and click on the other part of the tie.  This is a keyboard shortcut that will add to your existing selection just as holding down the option key will subtract from it.  In fact, when either of these keys are depressed, you will notice your cursor icon for the magic wand tool includes a minus sign - or an add sign +.)  Now the entire orange tie is selected which will restrict our brush tool to only that selected area.

5. Now choose the brush tool from the toolbox.  (Or press B as a keyboard shortcut!)
6. In the brush tool options bar click the brush size to reveal the brushes palette.  Using the sliders, change the master diameter to 65 pixels and keep the Hardness set to 0%.
7. Move the pointer over the tie so it appears as a circle with the diameter you selected.  If you were to change the diameter of the brush, the cursor size when over the image window would also change to reflect the new size.
8. Draw a stripe anywhere inside the selection.  Notice how the stripe remains within the selection and does not go outside of it!
9. Oops, wait a second – we were supposed to draw dots not stripes.  Go to the Edit menu and choose Undo Brush Tool.  This will undo your last step in Photoshop.  You can also use the keyboard shortcut of Command Z (pressing the open-apple key and the Z key together).
10. Now draw a stripe again on the orange tie.
11. Oops – we did it again.  Instead of undoing our brush stroke, why don’t we select the eraser tool (11 down in the toolbox) and go over the image to draw an eraser stroke over the stripe.  Notice it does not erase the stripe, but instead erases the whole image layer back to whatever color our background color is in the toolbox.
12. Now we have made a wrong brush stroke and we have tried to erase it improperly.  We could go to Edit>Undo, but this will only undo the eraser tool and not the brush stroke.  (We could also go to the Edit menu and select Step Backward a couple of times to undo the last two steps.  This will allow you to undo multiple states, but it can be tedious if you screw up a lot!)
13. Now go to the History palette and notice that there is a list of “history states” or recordings of every step you have done since opening the image.  By clicking once on an earlier history state, you are essentially erasing back to an earlier time.  Click once on the line that says “Magic Wand” two history states up.  You have now stepped back two history states and any new action you take will be recorded in place of the grayed out history states.
14. So as not to screw up again, go to the Layer menu and choose New then Layer.  Type in Dots when the new layer menu pops up asking you what to name your layer and then click OK.  A new blank layer appears above our background image layer and is automatically selected for us in the layers palette.  This is what we will use to create the dots.
15. Select the brush tool if it is not already selected and continue to place dots of any size onto the tie, within your selection, and notice that they are painted onto the new layer.  If you screw up, use the history palette to back up and start again, or you can now try the eraser tool to see if it works.  (You’ll notice it will since it will only erase elements on the currently selected layer and no other layers below or above it!)
16. Continue making dots on the tie and when you have finished, flatten the layers into one layer by choosing Flatten Image from the Layer menu.
17. Once your image is flattened, go to the File menu and choose Save As.  Name the file “2_YourName”.  Also change the file format to JPEG and choose where to save the image to (either your flash drive or the desktop).  Click OK.  When the JPEG window opens, choose a quality level of 12 and click OK.
18. Upload the file using Transport as discussed in class and you are done!

Project #2 Image

Tuesday 7/31/12: Layers + Selections

"As an artist, I work to gain technical skill in order to become more fluid, more expressive and more creative in my craft. Technique is always at the service of creativity." - Evan Chong

"A toast to film? You bet. But don't forget the Photoshop chaser." - Herbert Keppler; Film vs. Photoshop. (Popular Photography & Imaging, March 2006)

© Monte Isom

© Monte Isom

© Monte Isom

File Formats

• JPEG (.jpg = Joint Photographic Expert Group): Compresses photos into a smaller file size, but degrades photo quality.  Good for email or web and is recognized by almost all software programs.
• TIFF (.tif = Tagged Image File Format): Larger file size, but good image quality.  Best for printing.  Tiff file can be saved with or without layers and is recognized by many software programs.
• RAW (.raw/.cr2/.nef/... = Raw) = Most flexible file format for photographers since no data has been processed.  But you must process a file into a workable file format before using...which requires more skill and knowledge.
• PSD (.psd = Photoshop Document):  Good for layers, but large file size and can only be opened in PS.

Saving Image Files Recap:

•  For Print = Tiff @ 300dpi
• For Web or Email = Jpeg @ 72dpi
• With Layers = PSD @ optimal resolution (usually 300dpi)

Great article explaining the differences in File Formats:

http://www.digitalphotopro.com/business/hi-tech-studio-file-format-decoder-ring.html

Layers

Layers are the backbone of Photoshop.  New elements can be placed on individual layers and each layer can be edited and manipulated without effecting any other layer.  An original image starts off with only a single layer titled background.  You can then add these additional layers:

• New Blank Layer
• Text Layer
• Another Image Layer
• Adjustment Layer

Photoshop Handouts

Tool Explanation

PS CS4 Keyboard Shortcuts